Rembrandt

by Gen

Rembrandt was born in Leiden on July 15, 1606. He was the son of a miller. Despite the fact that he came from a family of relatively modest means, his parents took great care with his education. Rembrandt began his studies at the Latin School, and at the age of 14 he was enrolled at the University of Leiden. The program did not interest him, and he soon left to study art, first with a local master, Jacob van Swanenburch, and then, in Amsterdam, with Pieter Lastman, known for his historical paintings. After six months, having mastered everything he had been taught, Rembrandt returned to Leiden, where he was soon so highly regarded that although barely 22 years old, he took his first pupils. One of his students was the famous artist Gerrit Dou.

Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam in 1631; his marriage in 1634 to Saskia van Uylenburgh, the cousin of a successful art dealer, enhanced his career, bringing him in contact with wealthy patrons who eagerly commissioned portraits. An exceptionally fine example from this period is the Portrait of Nicolaes Ruts (1631, Frick Collection, New York City). In addition, Rembrandt's mythological and religious works were much in demand, and he painted numerous dramatic masterpieces such as The Blinding of Samson (1636, Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt). Because of his renown as a teacher, his studio was filled with pupils, some of whom (such as Carel Fabritius) were already trained artists. In the 20th century, scholars have reattributed a number of his paintings to his associates; attributing and identifying Rembrandt's works is an active area of art scholarship.

In contrast to his successful public career, however, Rembrandt's family life was marked by misfortune. Between 1635 and 1641 Saskia gave birth to four children, but only the last, Titus, survived; her own death came in 1642- at the age of 30. Hendrickje Stoffels, engaged as his housekeeper about 1649, eventually became his common-law wife and was the model for many of his pictures. Despite Rembrandt's financial success as an artist, teacher, and art dealer, his penchant for ostentatious living forced him to declare bankruptcy in 1656. An inventory of his collection of art and antiquities, taken before an auction to pay his debts, showed the breadth of Rembrandt's interests: ancient sculpture, Flemish and Italian Renaissance paintings, Far Eastern art, contemporary Dutch works, weapons, and armor. Unfortunately, the results of the auction, including the sale of his house, were disappointing.

These problems in no way affected Rembrandt's work; if anything, his artistry increased. Some of the great paintings from this period are The Jewish Bride (1665), The Syndics of the Cloth Guild (1661, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam), Bathsheba (1654, Louvre, Paris), Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph (1656, Staatliche Gemäldegalerie, Kassel, Germany), and a self-portrait (1658, Frick Collection). His personal life, however, continued to be marred by sorrow. His beloved Hendrickje died in 1663, and his son, Titus, in 1668, only 27 years old. Eleven months later, on October 4, 1669, Rembrandt died in Amsterdam.

Periodic Table of Elements

#1: Hydrogen

Atomic Symbol: H
Atomic Weight: 1.0079
Melting Point: -259.34C
Boiling Point: -252.87C


#2: Helium

Atomic Symbol: He
Atomic Weight: 4.00260
Melting Point: -272.2C
Boiling Point: -268.96C


#3: Lithium

Atomic Symbol: Li
Atomic Weight: 6.941
Melting Point: 180.5C
Boiling Point: 1342C


#4: Beryllium

Atomic Symbol: Be
Atomic Weight: 9.01218
Melting Point: 1287C
Boiling Point: 2471C


#5: Boron

Atomic Symbol: B
Atomic Weight: 10.81
Melting Point: 2075C
Boiling Point: 4000C


#6: Carbon

Atomic Symbol: C
Atomic Weight: 12.011
Melting Point: 3550C
Boiling Point: 3800C


#7: Nitrogen

Atomic Symbol: N
Atomic Weight: 14.00674
Melting Point: -210C
Boiling Point: -195.79C


#8: Oxygen

Atomic Symbol: O
Atomic Weight: 15.9994
Melting Point: -218.79C
Boiling Point: -182.95C


#9: Fluorine

Atomic Symbol: F
Atomic Weight: 18.998403
Melting Point: -219.67C
Boiling Point: -188.12C


#10: Neon

Atomic Symbol: Ne
Atomic Weight: 20.179
Melting Point: -258.59
Boiling Point: -246.08


#11: Sodium

Atomic Symbol: Na
Atomic Weight: 22.98977
Melting Point: 97.8C
Boiling Point: 883C


#12: Magnesium

Atomic Symbol: Mg
Atomic Weight: 24.305
Melting Point: 650C
Boiling Point: 1090C


#13: Aluminum

Atomic Symbol: Al
Atomic Weight: 26.98154
Melting Point: 660.32C
Boiling Point: 2519C


#14: Silicon

Atomic Symbol: Si
Atomic Weight: 28.086
Melting Point: 1414C
Boiling Point: 3265C


#15: Phosphorus

Atomic Symbol: P
Atomic Weight: 30.97376
Melting Point: 44.15C
Boiling Point: 280.5C


#16: Sulfur

Atomic Symbol: S
Atomic Weight: 32.06
Melting Point: 119.6C
Boiling Point: 444.60C


#17: Chlorine

Atomic Symbol: Cl
Atomic Weight: 35.453
Melting Point: -101.5C
Boiling Point: -34.4C


#18: Argon

Atomic Symbol: Ar
Atomic Weight: 39.948
Melting Point: -189.35C
Boiling Point: -185.85C


#19: Potassium

Atomic Symbol: K
Atomic Weight: 39.098
Melting Point: 63.5C
Boiling Point: 759C


#20: Calcium

Atomic Symbol: Ca
Atomic Weight: 40.08
Melting Point: 842C
Boiling Point: 1484C


#21: Scandium

Atomic Symbol: Sc
Atomic Weight: 44.9559
Melting Point: 1541C
Boiling Point: 2836C


#22: Titanium

Atomic Symbol: Ti
Atomic Weight: 47.90
Melting Point: 1668C
Boiling Point: 3287C


#23: Vanadium

Atomic Symbol: V
Atomic Weight: 50.9414
Melting Point: 1910C
Boiling Point: 3407C


#24: Chromium

Atomic Symbol: Cr
Atomic Weight: 51.996
Melting Point: 1907C
Boiling Point: 2671C


#25: Manganese

Atomic Symbol: Mn
Atomic Weight: 54.9380
Melting Point: 1246C
Boiling Point: 2061C


#26: Iron

Atomic Symbol: Fe
Atomic Weight: 55.847
Melting Point: 1538C
Boiling Point: 2861C


#27: Cobalt

Atomic Symbol: Co
Atomic Weight: 58.9332
Melting Point: 1495C
Boiling Point: 2927C


#28: Nickel

Atomic Symbol: Ni
Atomic Weight: 58.70
Melting Point: 1455C
Boiling Point: 2913C


#29: Copper

Atomic Symbol: Cu
Atomic Weight: 63.546
Melting Point: 1084.6C
Boiling Point: 2562C


#30: Zinc

Atomic Symbol: Zn
Atomic Weight: 65.38
Melting Point: 419.5C
Boiling Point: 907C


#31: Gallium

Atomic Symbol: Ga
Atomic Weight: 69.72
Melting Point: 29.76C
Boiling Point: 2204C


#32: Germanium

Atomic Symbol: Ge
Atomic Weight: 72.59
Melting Point: 938.25C
Boiling Point: 2833C


#33: Arsenic

Atomic Symbol: As
Atomic Weight: 74.9216
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#34: Selenium

Atomic Symbol: Se
Atomic Weight: 78.96
Melting Point: 220.5C
Boiling Point: 685C


#35: Bromine

Atomic Symbol: Br
Atomic Weight: 79.904
Melting Point: -7.2C
Boiling Point: 58.8C


#36: Krypton

Atomic Symbol: Kr
Atomic Weight: 83.80
Melting Point: -157.38C
Boiling Point: -153.22C


#37: Rubidium

Atomic Symbol: Rb
Atomic Weight: 85.4678
Melting Point: 39.3C
Boiling Point: 688C


#38: Strontium

Atomic Symbol: Sr
Atomic Weight: 87.62
Melting Point: 777C
Boiling Point: 1382C


#39: Yttrium

Atomic Symbol: Y
Atomic Weight: 88.9059
Melting Point: 1522C
Boiling Point: 3345C


#40: Zirconium

Atomic Symbol: Zr
Atomic Weight: 91.22
Melting Point: 1855C
Boiling Point: 4409C


#41: Niomium

Atomic Symbol: Nb
Atomic Weight: 92.9064
Melting Point: 2477C
Boiling Point: 4744C


#42: Molybdenum

Atomic Symbol: Mo
Atomic Weight: 95.94
Melting Point: 2623C
Boiling Point: 4639C


#43: Technetium

Atomic Symbol: Tc
Atomic Weight: 97
Melting Point: 2157C
Boiling Point: 4265C


#44: Ruthenium

Atomic Symbol: Ru
Atomic Weight: 101.07
Melting Point: 2334C
Boiling Point: 4150C


#45: Rhodium

Atomic Symbol: Rh
Atomic Weight: 102.9055
Melting Point: 1964C
Boiling Point: 3695C


#46: Palladium

Atomic Symbol: Pd
Atomic Weight: 106.4
Melting Point: 1554.9C
Boiling Point: 2963C


#47: Silver

Atomic Symbol: Ag
Atomic Weight: 107.868
Melting Point: 961.78C
Boiling Point: 2162C


#48: Cadmium

Atomic Symbol: Cd
Atomic Weight: 112.40
Melting Point: 321.07C
Boiling Point: 767C


#49: Indium

Atomic Symbol: In
Atomic Weight: 114.82
Melting Point: 156.6C
Boiling Point: 2072C


#50: Tin

Atomic Symbol: Sn
Atomic Weight: 118.69
Melting Point: 231.93C
Boiling Point: 2602C


#51: Antimony

Atomic Symbol: Sb
Atomic Weight: 121.75
Melting Point: 630.63C
Boiling Point: 1587C


#52: Tellurium

Atomic Symbol: Te
Atomic Weight: 127.60
Melting Point: 449.5C
Boiling Point: 988C


#53: Iodine

Atomic Symbol: I
Atomic Weight: 126.9045
Melting Point: 113.7C
Boiling Point: 184.4C


#54: Xenon

Atomic Symbol: Xe
Atomic Weight: 131.30
Melting Point: -111.79C
Boiling Point: -108.12C


#55: Cesium

Atomic Symbol: Cs
Atomic Weight: 132.9054
Melting Point: 28.5C
Boiling Point: 671C


#56: Barium

Atomic Symbol: Ba
Atomic Weight: 137.34
Melting point: 727C
Boiling Point: 1897C


#57: Lanthanum

Atomic Symbol: La
Atomic Weight: 138.9055
Melting Point: 918C
Boiling Point: 1897C


#58: Cerium

Atomic Symbols: Ce
Atomic Weight: 140.12
Melting Point: 798C
Boiling Point: 3443C


#59: Praseodymium

Atomic Symbol: Pr
Atomic Weight: 140.9077
Melting Point: 931C
Boiling Point: 3520C


#60: Neodymium

Atomic Symbol: Nd
Atomic Weight: 144.24
Melting Point: 1021C
Boiling Point: 3074C


#61: Promethium

Atomic Symbol: Pm
Atomic Weight: 145
Melting Point: 1042C
Boiling Point: 3000C


#62: Samarium

Atomic Symbol: Sm
Atomic Weight: 150.4
Melting Point: 1074C
Boiling Point: 1794C


#63: Europium

Atomic Symbol: Eu
Atomic Weight: 151.96
Melting Point: 822C
Boiling Point: 1529C


#64: Gadolinium

Atomic Symbol: Gd
Atomic Weight: 157.25
Melting Point: 1313C
Boiling Point: 3273C


#65: Terbium

Atomic Symbol: Tb
Atomic Weight: 158.9254
Melting Point: 1356C
Boiling Point: 3230C


#66: Dysprosium

Atomic Symbol: Dy
Atomic Weight: 162.50
Melting Point: 1413C
Boiling Point: 2567C


#67: Holmium

Atomic Symbol: Ho
Atomic Weight: 164.9304
Melting Point: 1474C
Boiling Point: 2700C


#68: Erbium

Atomic Symbol: Er
Atomic Weight: 167.26
Melting Point: 1529C
Boiling Point: 2868C


#69: Thulium

Atomic Symbol: Tm
Atomic Weight: 168.9342
Melting Point: 1545C
Boiling Point: 1950C


#70: Ytterbium

Atomic Symbol: Yb
Atomic Weight: 173.04
Melting Point: 819C
Boiling Point: 1196C


#71: Lutetium

Atomic Symbol: Lu
Atomic Weight: 174.97
Melting Point: 1663C
Boiling Point: 3402C


#72: Hafnium

Atomic Symbol: Hf
Atomic Weight: 178.49
Melting Point: 2233C
Boiling Point: 4603C


#73: Tantalum

Atomic Symbol: Ta
Atomic Weight: 180.9479
Melting Point: 3017C
Boiling Point: 5458C


#74: Tungsten

Atomic Symbol: W
Atomic Weight: 183.5
Melting Point: 3422C
Boiling Point: 5555C


#75: Rhenium

Atomic Symbol: Re
Atomic Weight: 186.207
Melting Point: 3186C
Boiling Point: 5596C


#76: Osmium

Atomic Symbol: Os
Atomic Weight: 190.2
Melting Point: 3033C
Boiling Point: 5012C


#77: Iridium

Atomic Symbol: Ir
Atomic Weight: 192.22
Melting Point: 2446C
Boiling Point: 4428C


#78: Platinum

Atomic Symbol: Pt
Atomic Weight: 195.09
Melting Point: 1768.4C
Boiling Point: 3825C


#79: Gold

Atomic Symbol: Au
Atomic Weight: 196.9665
Melting Point: 1064.18C
Boiling Point: 2856C


#80: Mercury

Atomic Symbol: Hg
Atomic Weight: 200.59
Melting Point: -38.83C
Boiling Point: 356.73C


#81: Thallium

Atomic Symbol: Tl
Atomic Weight: 204.37
Melting Point: 304C
Boiling Point: 1473C


#82: Lead

Atomic Symbol: Pb
Atomic Weight: 207.2
Melting Point: 327.46C
Boiling Point: 1749C


#83: Bismuth

Atomic Symbol: Bi
Atomic Weight: 208.9804
Melting Point: 271.4C
Boiling Point: 1564C


#84: Polonium

Atomic Symbol: Po
Atomic Weight: 209
Melting Point: 254C
Boiling Point: 962C


#85: Astatine

Atomic Symbol: At
Atomic Weight: 210
Melting Point: 302C
Boiling Point: 340C


#86: Radon

Atomic Symbol: Rn
Atomic Weight: 222
Melting Point: -71C
Boiling Point: -61.7C


#87: Francium

Atomic Symbol: Fr
Atomic Weight: 223
Melting Point: 27C
Boiling Point: 677C


#88: Radium

Atomic Symbol: Ra
Atomic Weight: 226.0254
Melting Point: 700C
Boiling Point: 1140C


#89: Actinium

Atomic Symbol: Ac
Atomic Weight: 227
Melting Point: 1051C
Boiling Point: 3159C


#90: Thorium

Atomic Symbol: Th
Atomic Weight: 232.0381
Melting Point: 1750C
Boiling Point: 4788C


#91: Protactinium

Atomic Symbol: Pa
Atomic Weight: 231.0359
Melting Point: 1572C
Boiling Point: 4000C


#92: Uranium

Atomic Symbol: U
Atomic Weight: 238.029
Melting Point: 1135C
Boiling Point: 4131C


#93: Neptunium

Atomic Symbol: Np
Atomic Weight: 237.0482
Melting Point: 644C
Boiling Point: 3900C


#94: Plutonium

Atomic Symbol: Pu
Atomic Weight: 244
Melting Point: 640C
Boiling Point: 3228C


#95: Americium

Atomic Symbol: Am
Atomic Weight: 243
Melting Point: 1176C
Boiling Point: 2011C


#96: Curium

Atomic Symbol: Cm
Atomic Weight: 247
Melting Point: 1345C
Boiling Point: 3100C


#97: Berkelium

Atomic Symbol: Bk
Atomic Weight: 247
Melting Point: 1050C
Boiling Point: ???


#98: Californium

Atomic Symbol: Cf
Atomic Weight: 251
Melting Point: 860C
Boiling Point: ???


#99: Einsteinium

Atomic Symbol: Es
Atomic Weight: 252
Melting Point: 860C
Boiling Point: ???


#100: Fermium

Atomic Symbol: Fm
Atomic Weight: 257
Melting Point: 1527
Boiling Point: ???


#101: Mendelevium

Atomic Symbol: Md
Atomic Weight: 258
Melting Point: 827C
Boiling Point: ???


#102: Nobelium

Atomic Symbol: No
Atomic Weight: 259
Melting Point: 827C
Boiling Point: ???


#103: Lawrencium

Atomic Symbol: Lr
Atomic Weight: 262
Melting Point: 1627C
Boiling Point: ???


#104: Rutherfordium

Atomic Symbol: Rf
Atomic Weight: 261
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#105: Dubnium

Atomic Symbol: Db
Atomic Weight: 262
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#106: Seaborgium

Atomic Symbol: Sg
Atomic Weight: 263
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#107: Bohrium

Atomic Symbol: Bh
Atomic Weight: 262
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#108: Hassium

Atomic Symbol: Hs
Atomic Weight: 265
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#109: Meitnerium

Atomic Symbol: Mt
Atomic Weight: 265
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#110: Darmstadtium

Atomic Symbol: Ds
Atomic Weight: 271
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#111: Element 111

Atomic Symbol: Uuu
Atomic Weight: 272
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#112: Ununbium

Atomic Symbol: Uub
Atomic Weight: 277
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#114: Ununquarternium

Atomic Symbol: Uuq
Atomic Weight: 296
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???


#116: Ununhexium

Atomic Symbol: Uuh
Atomic Weight: 298
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???

#118: Ununoctium

Atomic Symbol: Uuo
Atomic Weight: ???
Melting Point: ???
Boiling Point: ???